Is space an ecosystem?

The theory

I have been building a theory of gravity for a long time now, and this article reflects some of the research I have been doing.

There are many reasons why I am doing this, and mainly, it is because we know so much about existing forces, such as electromagnetism, that it does not seem right that we know so little about gravity.

Life is made by the universe so you must understand the universe to understand life. 

This is why I study such wider topics as space, physics and cosmology. It is better to understand a little about everything in the universe than to be the worlds expert in one thing. 

To properly understand life we must understand the whole.

This article reflects many posts on the rest of this site as a piece of research in action. I am enjoying learning as I go and unearthing information that often changes my mind, given the evidence. The post is over a decade old, but is only just being published. Mainly because I can see that I won’t be anywhere near ready to provide a first draft for a long time, though I like to have a record out there of findings so far.

I return to this article regularly to see how far the research has progressed and compare with what is currently known in wider contexts and the disparity is fascinating. The evidence to how the universe actually works is not as widely known as we think and there is so much contradictory theory and evidence.

Yet this subject is the foundation on which humans get their life, making it a critical topic to understand. I don’t have time to fully explore my theory of gravity given this research. I have it in my head and it is truly exciting. It feels as though our research tools are limited and thus our capacity for evidence and proof is limited.

We can replicate gravity by changing our momentum and velocity, implying gravity could be an emergent force when all known forces are combined. That is essentially the theory I am investigating here.

The main question is whether it is possible that gravity could be a measure of the pressures on a given place and time that emerge as the universe exists and time passes. The standard model, for example, has many holes, including a complete explanation of gravity. While our predictions work, that only means we have predictable maths, which does not prove or require a new force. Maths alone cannot explain everything that is there, so there must be data and facts we do not know, but that does not have to be a force called gravity.

Through this research, I have confirmed that there are limits to the size of particles that we can detect, so we only have proof of particles within these sizes. It is very unlikely, therefore, that we have detected all particles and all matter that exist. If technology discovers how to detect smaller and larger particles (essentially wavelengths, I believe), then we will have new data to build on to fill the gaps.

I am not sure yet whether Neutrinos are an example of known particles that are too small to measure directly.

One aim is to demonstrate this theory of gravity in various ways, both in thought experiments and digitally.

The spinning of the earth may create gravity. The centrifugal and other forces then make matter and ions organise, therefore what we experience as gravity may be momentum. This is why G forces can be replicated by spinning people on a wheel and why SpaceX is proposing to spin their spacecraft to produce gravity. 

This theory implies that gravity is not a force it is a unit of measurement. It could also be the result of the links between particles we cannot detect. Those links create tiny forces on matter that have an effect when seen on a large scale.

Therefore, the bonds between particles at the molecular level could be creating the structures of the planet that we see and also don’t see. The air and ions we don’t see but they still exert pressure through bonds and humans are stuck inside this ocean without knowing about it. 

I could model this in physics and see where it leads and ask for help from physics nerds. 

Also, the initial spin of the system will cause electrostatic charges, which may contribute to the molecules binding together. 

A way to summarise this view is

The only thing that matters in the current world is matter and I think that wha makes up matter matters too. 

This is my philosophical interest re the current physics climate. Why I am pursuing the idea that space may be an ocean where matter is like land and other physical objects. 

Research

Anton is talking about space appearing out of nothing. 

Everything I see and read confirms my thoughts so I can have a draft article that explore this and puts ideas together. 

This video logically discusses the limitations of the field of cosmology and puts into words mant of the concerns I have with the field and the flaws I have seen and want to discuss in this article.

How fast is earth moving through space?

In researching how space works and the laws that underpin it, I have noticed something that is consistently missing. An appreciation that the Earth that we live on and study the universe from is moving through the universe at an immense speed.

It makes sense to me that this speed in itself represents an immense amount of kinetic energy that could be creating much of the energy and physics that we see on our planet and when we explore our solar system, because we explore in relation to this speed.

If everything we use for our research on the world is travelling at such speed, then surely that speed could be causing what we see. The number of questions I have just for this observation is large, so I am logging it here for reference. Also, we haven’t yet confirmed what would happen when any part of space is at rest, because every piece of research seems to have been performed at the speed we fly through the universe.

For this reason, and so many more, I am including details and data from a quick search on the speed we move through the universe. This is what I found.

Earth moves through space at several different speeds at the same time, ranging from about 1,000 miles per hour spinning on its axis to over 1.3 million miles per hour through the wider universe. [1, 2]

Because motion in space depends on your point of reference, scientists break down Earth’s travel into four main layers. You can learn more details about these numbers from Space. [1, 2]

1. Spinning on Our Axis (Rotation)

• Speed at the equator: About 1,038 mph (1,670 km/h).
• Details: Earth completes one full rotation every 24 hours, giving us day and night. This speed slows down as you move away from the equator toward the poles. [1, 2, 3, 4]

2. Orbiting the Sun (Revolution)

• Speed: About 67,100 mph (107,200 km/h or 30 km/s).
• Details: Earth travels in a giant circle around the Sun, taking 365.25 days to complete one full trip, which equals one year. [1, 2, 3, 4]

3. Orbiting the Milky Way Galaxy

• Speed: About 447,000 to 514,000 mph (720,000 to 828,000 km/h).
• Details: The Sun, Earth, and all the other planets in our solar system circle the dense center of our home galaxy together. It takes about 200 to 250 million years to make just one full trip around the galaxy. [1, 2, 3, 4]

4. Moving Through the Universe

• Speed: About 1.3 million mph (2.1 million km/h or nearly 600 km/s).
• Details: Our entire galaxy moves through cosmic space relative to other nearby galaxies and galaxy clusters. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Further references

• A vacuum full of infinite energy
  • By Harnessing the Unlimited Vacuum Energy In Space, We Could Finally Reach Light Speed
  • Invisible vacuum energy is all around us. We could use it to power propulsion, enhance nanostructures, and build levitating devices.
  • When the fields vibrate with enough energy, particles appear. When the fields die down, the particles disappear. Another way to look at this is to say that what we call a “particle” is really a localized vibration of a quantum field. When two particles interact, it’s really just two pieces of quantum fields interacting with each other.
  • There’s no such thing as a true vacuum; wherever you go, there are always vibrating quantum fields.
• Could space be filled with bose einstein condensates or something similar. Following the explanation for BEC in The Genius Behind the Quantum Navigation Breakthrough. Could it be possible that the heat and other properties around earth change the quantum fields so that the quantum states start to separate to form matter. Out in space the reverse happens if no force is there to hold energy in its existing state. basically the void is quantum and matter can appear and disappear due to these quantum properties
• The quantum reason behind the solidity of matter 
  • If atoms are mostly empty space, then why can’t two objects made of atoms simply pass through each other? Quantum physics explains why. 
• The unravelling of Space-Time quanta magazine
  • Why Space-Time Looks Doomed
  • The story of time, with Professor Jim Al-Khalili Einstein said The second law of thermodynamics is the only law he thinks will never change.
  • Scientists observe negative time for the first time ever
• https://scitechdaily.com/new-discovery-indicates-an-alternative-gravity-theory/ The standard model of gravity cannot explain these galaxies
• “Hidden galaxies” discovery would upend our current understanding of the universe
• A slowly spinning universe could solve the Hubble tension
• Einstein Vindicated: Stunning Cosmic Map Confirms Gravity Theory Across Billions of Years
• Conformal gravity: Philip Mannheim
• Surprise: the Big Bang isn’t the beginning of the universe anymore
• The universe had a secret life before the Big Bang, new study hints
• New Scientist: Why the big bang might not have been the beginning of the universe
• https://mapoftheuniverse.net/ Just a beautiful way of breaking down information in an interactive way that I could use as a reference and add to my list of external examples. 
• https://arxiv.org/pdf/1211.0962.pdf Fluid Mechanics Explains Cosmology, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Life. Carl H. Gibson
• Dark matter may flow like cosmic superfluid, forming vortex lines inside galaxies: Study
• Not-so-dark matter? Mysterious substance might leave red and blue ‘fingerprints’ on light
• Missing 40 Percent Of Matter In The Universe Finally Discovered: “The Simulations Were Right All Along”
• https://www.quantamagazine.org/she-turns-fluids-into-black-holes-and-inflating-universes-20221212/ By THOMAS LEWTON December 12, 2022 Another researcher using fluid dynamics to understand physics in the universe. She Turns Fluids Into ‘Black Holes’ and ‘Inflating Universes’. By using fluids to model inaccessible realms of the cosmos, Silke Weinfurtner is “looking for a deeper truth beyond one system.” But what can such experiments teach us?
• Does heat travel differently in tight spaces? New insights into convection heat and fluid mechanics
• NASA Discovers Third Global Energy Field – As Fundamental as Earth’s Gravity and Magnetic Fields
• The Universe Is Static. No, Expanding! Wait, Slowing? Oh, Accelerating
• A ‘Great Wave’ is rippling through our galaxy, pushing thousands of stars out of place
• ‘The models were right!’ Astronomers locate universe’s ‘missing’ matter in the largest cosmic structures
• https://bigthink.com/13-8/wave-particle-duality-matter/ Not just light: Everything is a wave, including you.
  • This article has highlighted that what we consider particles of light can also be understood as waves of energy peaking and rebounding just like waves against a coastline. 
  • So what we consider to be light is really a wave of a certain frequency travelling in a direction in a fluid. So it kind of has a contrail like an aeroplane. 
  • What this research implies to me is that we detect matter in limited ways. My theory is that everything starts as energy with potential but like in the air or sea it’s not interacting much just following flows of the energy around it.
  • Following the patterns of currents would mean that the energy would start to move together and act as bigger than the sum of its parts. as different currents brush up against each other or collide and reverberate then waves and ripples appear and produce energy peaks and troughs with related effects.
  • So the theory I have is that everything is energy first and all around us. We are literally swimming in it. We interact with it all the time but it’s so small and part of normal life it’s like the air we breath. Only recently in human development did we prove that the air is not a vacuum and is made up of all sorts of elements we also learned that the clouds were made natural by the flow of the elements as an air fluid. Clouds form once air rises sufficiently that the air density cannot keep the water in the air and it separates out. So the water is in the air all the time it just appears under certain conditions.
  • And the basic elements of matter like quarks and gluons are all around us in solution and appear when the conditions allow. Many of the processes of life therefore function because of the fluid they are in and the interactions this creates. The free movement of this energy and dark or smaller matter does the same. As matter gets larger by trapping more and more energy into specific states it is affected more by larger matter itself like any thing solidifying. The waves we see may be the contrails or wave peaks and troughs created by the denser matter with the less dense energy since the atoms etc are never actually at rest.
  • The Fluidic Model of Space that Explains How Gravity Works | Dialect in Review w/Henry Lindner Another space fluidic model excellent analysis fitting other videos together.
• The original double slit experiment  https://youtu.be/Iuv6hY6zsd0
  • This actually explains what is happening and shows that in the light version the waves cancel each other out just like I thought. I think I could demonstrate this in silico just as peaks and troughs cancelling each other. 
• Quantum Entanglement Isn’t All That Spooky After All: The way we teach quantum theory conveys a spookiness that isn’t actually there.
  • But it is a fact that the quantum information they share requires correlations, which means it is entangled. This appears spooky to the investigators because they only reason with classical information. But it’s not spooky. In any theory of information, correlations are ubiquitous. Through the lens of quantum information, then, entanglement is not strange or rare, but rather expected. The information perspective beautifully illustrates the core problem with demanding a classical description of quantum phenomena: it’s the wrong language. The Nobel Prize–winners were the first to demonstrate this as a fact about nature. Today, you can follow in their footsteps by creating entanglement and processing the correlated quantum information on a real quantum computer.
  • Quantum equivalent of thermodynamics’ second law discovered for entanglement manipulation
• Something out of nothing
  • “Nothing” doesn’t exist. Instead, there is “quantum foam”: When you combine the Uncertainty Principle with Einstein’s famous equation, you get a mind-blowing result: Particles can come from nothing.
  • It Might Be Possible to Detect Gravitons After All: Quanta magazine
  • Scientists Just Revealed Exactly What Happens When an Atom Splits in Two: It sounds to me remarkably like one cell being split into two just much faster and smaller.
  • The Milky Way could be part of a much larger ‘cosmic neighborhood’ than we realized, challenging our understanding of the universe
  • Magical equation unites quantum physics, Einstein’s general relativity in a first
  • For the first time, we have an equation that connects the cosmic realm with the quantum world in ways never before imagined.
  • Physicists Use Quantum Mechanics to Pull Energy out of Nothing: The quantum energy teleportation protocol was proposed in 2008 and largely ignored. Now two independent experiments have shown that it works.
  • Something From Nothing – Physicists Mimic the “Impossible” Schwinger Effect
• New Perspective on the Fundamental Structure of the Universe: Researchers have used simulations to investigate the cosmic web, the filamentary pattern of galaxies that exists on large scales throughout the universe. By treating the distribution of galaxies as a collection of points and applying mathematical techniques developed for materials science, they have quantified the relative disorder of the universe and gained a better understanding of its fundamental structure
• Record-breaking run on Frontier sets new bar for simulating the universe in exascale era
• A Supercomputer Just Created the Largest Universe Simulation Ever
• https://www.universetoday.com/160838/physicists-discover-that-gravity-can-create-light/
• https://www.inverse.com/science/now-we-know-how-a-solar-storm-took-out-a-fleet-of-starlinks NASA Reveals What Made an Entire Starlink Satellite Fleet Go Down
• Neutrinos
  • https://youtu.be/2xW5QV9zwGs Explanation of neutrinos and how they add mass to the universe. 
  • Neutrinos are changing physics forever Neutrinos are changing the universe and we are learning why
• https://youtu.be/aXqvQUEr6u4 DNA changing from quantum tunnelling effects
• ‘Everything is going to be turned upside down’: Michio Kaku on the new world of quantum computing ‘The atomic theory simply says there are atoms. It doesn’t explain why. String theory says it’s all music. Music that obeys harmonies. And these harmonies are the laws of physics.
• COSMOS – The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy
• Universe as an ocean of plasma
  • Plasma, Plasma, Everywhere NASA’s explanation of A new model of the plasmasphere
    surrounding our world. “We’ve been flying in plasma for over 40 years and have slowly gained a statistical picture of what things are like, such as the density and proportion of oxygen, hydrogen, and helium,” says Gallagher.
  • UCL Space Plasma Physics This process of gases being superheated to create plasma suggests that gases and plasma have a relationship similar to how liquid can be a heated form of a solid. 
  • DOE Explains…Plasma The US department of energy explains plasma
  • Plasma Universe
  • Plasma cosmology
  • How an Assumption Skewed Our Understanding of the Universe In this video, we explore how the most abundant state of matter, plasma, has been reduced to a passive background in our models of the cosmos.
    • How Plasma and electric fields rule the universe
  • An Ultracold Plasma Models the Universe’s Most Extreme Places
  • New measurements reveal the enormous halos that shroud all galaxies in the universe
  • Chinese Radar Spots Plasma Bubbles Over The Pyramids Of Giza Atmosphere plasmas form in the atmosphere
  • Two enormous “bubbles” discovered towering above and below our Milky Way galaxy
  • UCL: What is Space Plasma?
  • Stephen Hawking predicted it : a new plasma engine needs no fuel or electricity
• Space as an ocean of ions
  • IONS IN SPACE
  • Space is water: a mere metaphor or an alternative scientific theory?
  • NASA: Why Space Radiation Matters
  • ESA: Journey of ions in space during geomagnetic storms animation illustrates the Earth’s space storm shield in action
  • I have a simple theory that I would like to test at some point
    • The tidal forces created by the moon could actually be understood in the context of the way they are speeding through the sea of interstellar space. That sea is not a vacuum and we are moving incredibly fast. So the moon and earth would have an effect on each other that could be explained through normal fluid dynamics, and the tides we see could be the result of these forces.
    • e.g. neutrinos have an effect on space that we can measure, and we are passing through this neutrino-filled space so fast that the earth and moon may be alternatively shielding each other from this sea of neutrinos, and the masses on the earth may shift accordingly. Also, the earth and moon may affect the sea around them, causing ripples, etc, that then affect the sea and ultimately each other. Maybe I could model this in flud dynamics
• Zero-point Energy—The ‘Sea of Energy’ Around Us
• The scale of the milky way and how you are the size of a galaxy to an electron This video shows the wondrous nature of humans. Quoting Carl Sagan we are the way for the universe to know itself. To an electron humans are the size of a galaxy meaning to our galaxy we are the size of electrons. So humans truly are that amazing that they are made up of so much stuff. 
• Evidence That Earth Is Enveloped in Slow-Rolling Sea of Gravitational Waves
• To map the vibration of the universe, astronomers built a detector the size of the galaxy
• Einstein Vindicated: Stunning Cosmic Map Confirms Gravity Theory Across Billions of Years
• Entropic gravity
• The entire universe is inside an atom. Just building on the idea that the the universe is an ocean. And there are so many smaller states of energy. 
• Saying goodbye to the Big Bang Talks about plasma cosmology as a theory that explains everything we see with no new physics. 
• Record-breaking run on Frontier sets new bar for simulating the universe in exascale era
• https://www.space.com/mars-atmosphere-unexpected-solar-wind-disappearance
  • Mars atmosphere swelled when the solar wind abated for two days. 
  • Evidence that atmosphere and the related pressure on mars is affected by wind from the universe. So gravity may not explain it. Electro magnetism and know forces can explain this better. 
• Electronic pathways may enhance collective atomic vibrations’ magnetism
  • Recently, there has been growing interest in the magnetic moment carried by phonon modes that show circular motion, also known as chiral phonons. But the mechanisms that can lead to a large phonon magnetic moment are not well understood.”
  • In a previous study, Baydin and colleagues applied a magnetic field to lead telluride, a simple semiconductor material. When they did so, they saw that the phonons stopped vibrating in a linear fashion and became chiral, moving in a circular motion
  • This makes me wonder if circular motion like orbits and galaxies spinning could be related to electromagnetism
• Scientists closer to solving mysteries of universe after measuring gravity in quantum world
• Gravity experiments on the kitchen table: Why a tiny, tiny measurement may be a big leap forward for physics
• Artificial gravity
  • Is it really just an engineering problem? | The Real Physics of Artificial Gravity Excellent overview of gravity and artificial gravity and its effects on humans. 
    • Reports that tiny amounts of  gravity were recorded in a spin satellite proving gravity is related to inertia as it’s related to acceleration. 
• Fixing space-physics mistake enhances satellite safety In an artificial radiation belt, electrons produced by a nuclear explosion can become trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field in the same way as naturally occurring radiation belts,” Cunningham said. “When these electrons become trapped in the inner radiation belt for many years, they could destroy existing satellites and make it impossible to deploy new ones.”
• Waves in an Impossible Sea: How Everyday Life Emerges from the Cosmic Ocean.  This is a book I want to read. 
  • Of particular significance Blog of the particle physicist with the background articles for the book 
• Fresh X-Rays Reveal a Universe as Clumpy as Cosmology Predicts
• A New Map of All the Particles and Forces
• Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured in the Proton
  • Research into the forces inside a proton. Much greater than expected. Fascinating read. 
  • mapping the proton’s gravitational influence — namely, the distribution of energies, pressures and shear stresses throughout, which bend the space-time fabric in and around the particle
• Inside the Proton: The Most Intense Forces in the Universe, Revealed
• space plasma research
  • https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/sun-space-weather/plasma
  • https://www.psfc.mit.edu/vision/what_is_plasma#:~:text=Plasma%20is%20superheated%20matter%20%E2%80%93%20so,the%20north%20and%20south%20poles
  • https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mssl/research/solar-system/space-plasma-physics/what-space-plasma
  • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry#:~:text=In%202007%2C%20Vadim%20N.,that%20might%20exist%20in%20space.&text=It%20would%20be%20biochemically%20possible,life%20as%20we%20know%20it.
• Galactic Winds
  • Galactic superwind: A galactic superwind, or just galactic wind, is a high velocity stellar wind emanating from either newly formed massive stars, spiral density waves, or as the result of the effects of supermassive black holes.^[2] They are normally observed in starburst galaxies.^[3][4]
  • Galactic Winds (Cosmos) Galactic winds are streams of high speed charged particles often observed blowing out of galaxies. With speeds of between 300 and 3,000 km/sec, these winds can either blow material out into the halo of the galaxy,
  • Galactic winds and the origin of large-scale magnetic fields We believe that our mechanism can be relevant to explaining the presence of the fields observed in the halos of dwarf galaxies, and maybe elsewhere.
  • Can we use Electrodynamics is space to travel through thrust?
    • A thought experiment to Play with the idea of using existing tools and related principles such as sails and propellors to create movement using electrodyanimcs in various ways in space.
    • As a the strength of a magnetic field produced be a moving charged particle increases with its speed could we use this to obtain movement.
    • The magentic field is perpendicular to velocity. So I considered either
      • If a charged object like a rocket were going through space its magentic field would proiject out aroundit. I it had a magnet attached around the fueslage at say 45 degrees then what would happen to the field would something be pushed forward of backwards of the craft. Could this be used for movememnt
      • Use a propellor with chraged blades. The faster the blades rotate the stronger the megnetic field. The field travels forwards and backwards if the properllor is positioned as on a plane or ship. The propellor could act like a jet turbine too. Could byou put a magnet or plasma in front or behind and create movement somehow. The point of the properllor is the speed of rotation of the propellor should give corresponding magnetic force which may create ionin thrust or another type of thrust that can be used.
      • I am also thinking that movement of ions past a rocket could easily create a plasma shield eg. a sheild to protect the crew and components from electrical radiation in space. When the craft moves surely the field strength would increase relative to speed and thus increase the shield strength.
• Three Ways to Travel at (Nearly) the Speed of Light
• The ultimate fluid mechanics tier list The concept is that space is a sea so it is governed by fluid dynamics. 
• Largest 3D map of our universe could hint that dark energy evolves with time
• Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Propulsion – What Is It? Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion. Better propulsion density than ion wind. The air or vacuum in space can be magnetised by ionising it and propulsion and be created. 
  • WHAT THE?! HOW IS THIS ABLE TO FLY? By ionising the air around a craft the air can be used to create lift and make a craft fly
  • How did this ship use magnets to move in water? | Skill-Lync The Yamato-1 was among the most curious types of ships ever designed. The principle behind running this ship is called MagnetoHydrodynamics. In this video, we explain what’s so different with this ship and also how it works.
• Electro static propulsion: NASA VETERAN’S PROPELLANTLESS PROPULSION DRIVE THAT PHYSICS SAYS SHOULDN’T WORK JUST PRODUCED ENOUGH THRUST TO OVERCOME EARTH’S GRAVITY Electrostatic propulsion. Like ion flow but separate. Generates 1g for thrust. 
• Pushing the Limits of Sub-Kilowatt Electric Propulsion Technology to Enable Planetary Exploration and Commercial Mission Concepts
  • Small spacecraft using the NASA-H71M electric propulsion technology will be able to independently maneuver from low-Earth orbit (LEO) to the Moon or even from a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) to Mars
  • A solution to enable the next generation of small spacecraft science missions requiring up to an amazing 8 km/s of delta-v
• Study uses thermodynamics to describe expansion of the universe
• The kernel of thermodynamics
  • Quantum thermodynamics
    • Can Thermodynamics Go Quantum? a fascinating podcast episode from quantamagazine joy of why
    • A quantum engine in the BEC–BCS crossover
    • No-heat quantum engine makes its debut
    • Quantum engine could power devices with an ultracold atom cloud
    • Wikipedia: Quantum heat engines and refrigerators
  • Quantum electrodynamics
    • Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory describing how light and matter interact, specifically modeling electromagnetic forces as the exchange of virtual photons between charged particles. As the most precise physical theory, with predictions matching experiments to parts per trillion, it unites quantum mechanics and special relativity. Developed by Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga, it uses Feynman diagrams to calculate interactions. 
    • Key Aspects of Quantum Electrodynamics
    • Fundamental Principles: QED is an Abelian gauge theory, which describes the interaction of charged particles (electrons and positrons) through the exchange of virtual photons.
    • Interaction Mechanism: Instead of classical fields, QED posits that force is mediated by the exchange of virtual photons. It covers phenomena such as Compton scattering, pair production, and electron-positron annihilation.
    • Feynman Diagrams: These visual tools represent complex mathematical interactions, where straight lines signify fermions (electrons) and wavy lines represent bosons (photons).
    • High Precision: QED is famed for its accuracy in predicting the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift in hydrogen energy levels.
    • Renormalization: To resolve infinities in calculations, QED employs renormalization, a mathematical technique that allows for finite, precise results. 
    • Origins and Development
    • Developed in the mid-20th century, QED solidified the understanding of quantum field theory. Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga were awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for their foundational work. 
    • Applications
    • QED is essential for understanding:
    • Atomic structure and behavior.
    • Optics and the behavior of light interacting with materials.
    • The fundamental forces acting at the atomic and subatomic levels.
    • Cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), used to study light-matter interactions and in quantum computing. 
      • Wikipedia: Quantum electrodynamics
      • Science direct overview: Quantum electrodynamics (QED) 
      • Libretexts: Quantum Electrodynamics
    • What Is a Photon Actually Made Of? What is a photon actually made of. An outstanding discussion of quantum electrodynamics which is explaining everything I have been learning. HOwever the final passage talks more about magic and I think I know why. It says that light may kno in advance whether to be a wave or a particle. I feel this comes down to interpretation. We haven’t measured all of the light in a beam. We just measure two arts of it and are surprised they are connected. Yet in a stream we are not surprised that a blockade downstream effects water currents further up because they are connected. So when we associate the wave/particle nature I think this may relfects the way a trickle of water can easily become a drop or particle of water. There is no magic. Just interpretation and contaxt
• The universe may be dominated by particles that break causality and move faster than light, new paper suggests
• We live in cosmic void so empty that it breaks the laws of cosmology
• The tide is always there. The earth rotates around the existing bulge created by the sun and moon. 
• Can we use the cosmic background radiation as a source of power?
• Beyond Einstein: Groundbreaking Map of the Universe Redefines Cosmic Models
• Earths atmosphere as an ocean
  • Earth’s upper atmosphere could hold a missing piece of the universe, new study hints
  • An Ocean of Air – Helen Czerski at 14:00 explains sunlight cleans the atmosphere with its effects on chemicals like hydroxyls. Links to sunlight as beneficial to cells   Does it have cleansing effects deep inside cells. 
• Bad news for dark matter: This data doesn’t fit at all
• “The models were right”: astronomers find ‘missing’ matter Finding that the missing matter can be explained by electrons in the gas clouds between galaxies.
• Do Tachyons Exist as Particles?
  • “Tachyons are not only a possibility but are, in fact, an indispensable component of the spontaneous breaking process responsible for the formation of matter,” the authors said.
  • “This hypothesis would mean that Higgs field excitations, before the symmetry was spontaneously broken, could travel at superluminal speeds in the vacuum”
• Slime Mold Organism Maps the Cosmic Web and Finds Something Interesting
• Is Earth the center of the Universe?  Re confirms the Basics about space looking like an ocean. In all directions, at great distances, the Universe looks younger, more uniform, and less evolved. Does that mean Earth must be the center?
  • The Universe, on the largest scales, appears to be isotropic, or the same in all directions. No matter how far away we look, no direction appears to be “preferred” or to exhibit different properties than any other.
  • Also, on the largest cosmic scales, the Universe appears to be homogeneous, or the same at all locations. Whether we look “here” or “there” or “anywhere else,” we see roughly the same temperatures, densities, numbers of galaxies, etc., so long as we sample a large enough region of space.
  • And finally, the farther away we look in terms of distance — again, equally in all directions — the farther back we are seeing in time: seeing the Universe as it was at earlier and earlier moments.
• Tunnel found in the middle of the universe: It leaves the Solar System and arrives there
• The Milky Way represents an outlier among similar galaxies, universe survey data shows
• Groundbreaking new research finds that gravity can exist without mass
• Chapter 6: Resolving the Wave-Particle Duality of Photons and Questioning Quantum Mechanics A fascinating talk or lesson on photons and electromagnetism with a link to the best video the teacher has found. The best lesson I have seen on light and quantum physics. Debunks many myths and explains a lot of what i thought 
• This Strange Motion Keeps Appearing Everywhere – Even in High-Energy Collisions: Levy walks describe a type of random movement seen in nature and various scientific processes. This pattern appears in diverse phenomena, from how predators search for food to economic fluctuations, microbiology, chemical reactions, and even climate dynamics.
• Giant Quantum Tornados in Hybrid Light-Matter System Reveal Complex Physical Phenomena
• A competing theory to ‘dark energy’ suggests the universe has different time zones
  • “the universe is experiencing these different time frames, you also see these dense regions begin to contract. They’re getting smaller. Whereas the less dense regions are expanding more or less at the same rate they were at the beginning of the universe.”
• Time is a measure of change review of Aristotles view.
• The timescale illusion
  https://youtu.be/F2lUB1dFeMI?si=tLValNCToTigwob_
  David Wiltshire
• Week Ends With Robotics, Exercise Research; New Crew Launches Tuesday
• Light teleported for the first time in history ― Potential to beam it across galaxies
• At 1.3 Billion Light-Years Wide, Quipu Is Officially The Biggest Thing in Our Universe
• is space a sea of magnetism
  • While the statement “space is a sea of magnetism” is not entirely accurate, it conveys a significant truth: magnetic fields are pervasive throughout the universe, influencing celestial objects and phenomena. From planets and stars to galaxies and the vast spaces between them, magnetism plays a crucial role. 
  • Here’s a more detailed explanation:
  • Ubiquitous Magnetism:Magnetic fields are not confined to specific regions like Earth or stars; they are found throughout the universe, even in the seemingly empty space between galaxies. 
  • Not a “Sea” in the Literal Sense:While the term “sea of magnetism” evokes images of a fluid medium, magnetism in space is not a physical liquid. Instead, it refers to the presence of magnetic fields generated by various sources, such as electrical currents and moving charged particles. 
  • Dynamo Effect:Many celestial objects, like planets and stars, have magnetic fields generated by the motion of electrically conductive materials within them. This process is similar to how a dynamo works on Earth, converting motion into magnetic energy. 
  • Impact on Space:These magnetic fields interact with charged particles in space, influencing phenomena like solar wind, cosmic rays, and the formation of stars and galaxies. 
  • Not Uniform:The strength and direction of magnetic fields vary across the universe. For example, the Milky Way’s magnetic field is much weaker than Earth’s but still plays a role in shaping the interstellar medium. 
  • Ongoing Research:Scientists are still actively researching the origins and behavior of magnetic fields in space, including how they influence the formation and evolution of the cosmos. 
  • Magnetic fields and how they shape the Universe
  • How magnetism manifests in the universe
  • New Clues on the Source of the Universe’s Magnetic Fields magnetic fields may spontaneously arise in turbulent plasma.
  • Braided magnetic flux ropes found at both human and light year scales
  • Earth’s Magnetosphere: Protecting Our Planet from Harmful Space Energy
  • Wikipedia: Earth’s magnetic field
  • Wikipedia: Magnetic field of the Moon
    • The moon has no magnetic field, but it does have magnetised rocks. The earth and moon both rotate creating conditions for electromagnetism. I wonder if the solar wind and other ionised particles in space can flow between the Earth and Moon to create a sufficient electromagnetic field that pulls the oceans toward the Moon, thereby creating the tides.
    • Additionally, could the Earth’s magnetic field be strong enough to magnetise the Moon, potentially affecting Earth in a similar manner?
    • Also, does the rotation of the Earth and Moon affect their magnetism, and any magnetism between them?
    • Earth’s magnetic ocean tides mapped from space
  • The Force That Physics Erased: Ampère’s Forgotten Law: We’re all taught that moving charges create magnetic fields. But 200 years ago, André-Marie Ampère discovered something deeper: a direct force law between currents — one that explained both attraction and repulsion without invoking fields at all.
  • Milky Way’s Magnetic Mystery: What Powers This Immense Torus? The Milky Way could be a giant magnet. Talks about a plasma universe with a magnetic structure and plasma cosmology. 
• See the Pattern
  • Collapsing the Superposition Narrative Someone showing the quantum theory may be simpler than you think. What if the “weirdness” of quantum mechanics is actually a misunderstanding of analog behavior forced into a digital framework?
  • What the CMB Power Spectrum Really Protects
• How do magnetism and plasma interact?
  • Magnetism has a profound and complex interaction with plasma because plasma is an electrically charged fluid made of unbound ions and electrons. This interaction is a core principle in plasma physics, governing the behavior of matter in the universe and enabling critical technologies like fusion energy. 
  • Fundamental Interaction: The Lorentz Force 
    • The key to understanding the relationship is the Lorentz force, which describes the force exerted on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field. 
    • Helical Motion: When introduced to a magnetic field, the charged particles in a plasma are forced to move in spiral (helical) paths along the magnetic field lines. This restricts their movement perpendicular to the field.
    • Confinement and Control: This behavior allows magnetic fields to act as an invisible “bottle,” or magnetic confinement, to shape and control the super-hot plasma, preventing it from touching material walls. 
  • Key Effects of Magnetism on Plasma
    • The interaction between magnetism and plasma leads to several unique phenomena:
    • Confinement: Magnetic fields trap the charged particles, which is essential for sustaining the extreme temperatures (millions of degrees Celsius) required for nuclear fusion reactions.
    • Wave Propagation: The presence of a magnetic field allows for unique wave propagation modes, such as Alfvén waves, which transfer energy and momentum through the plasma.
    • Magnetic Reconnection: This is an explosive process where magnetic field lines break and reconnect, converting magnetic energy into heat and high-speed plasma flows. This is responsible for phenomena like solar flares and auroras.
    • Dynamo Action: In large, rotating, electrically conducting fluid bodies like the Earth’s core or the Sun’s interior, the motion of the plasma generates and amplifies magnetic fields through a process called the dynamo effect. 
  • Why It Matters
    • The intricate dance between magnetism and plasma is fundamental to a vast majority of the visible universe, which is composed of plasma. From the solar wind filling interplanetary space to the internal dynamics of stars, magnetic fields dictate how this matter behaves. On Earth, understanding this relationship is a primary driver of research into limitless, clean fusion energy, which seeks to replicate the Sun’s processes in a controlled magnetic environment. The field of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) specifically studies the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids like plasma in magnetic fields. 
  • River theory of space
    • Space: Like a River
    • The river model of black holes (or river theory of space) is a conceptual framework in general relativity where space itself flows like a river through a flat background. It offers an intuitive way to visualize gravity as a, “flowing river,” where weak gravity is a slow stream and strong gravity is a “raging floodwater”. 
    • Key Aspects of the River Model
    • Space as Flow: Space acts as a fluid that falls into a gravitational source (like a black hole) at a speed equal to the Newtonian escape velocity.
    • Black Hole Horizons: At the event horizon of a black hole, the river of space flows inward at the speed of light. Inside the horizon, the flow exceeds the speed of light, dragging everything toward the singularity.
    • Light Behavior: Light moves at a constant speed relative to the “current” of space, which explains why its path is curved by gravity and why it cannot escape from a black hole.
    • Alternative to Curvature: Instead of picturing spacetime as curved, this model provides a mathematically equivalent, “vivid description” where space is flat but moves.
    • Different Types of Flow: While Schwarzschild black holes feature a river that flows inward, de Sitter space describes space flowing outward, representing cosmological expansion.
    • Limitations: It is important to note that, as discussed on Physics Stack Exchange, this is a metaphor for interpreting spacetime curvature, and the points in the “river” are mathematical abstractions, not physical, tangible objects. 
    • This model provides a way to make complex relativistic phenomena, such as the behavior of light near a black hole horizon, easier to understand. 
    • The River Model of General Relativity
    • The Pattern That Built Both Galaxies and Life
  • How Physics Became an Observer-Centric Religion, and What We Can Do About It . Highlights that newtons maths explains gps. He can calculate gps with newton no gen rel needed 
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Questions and Answers

With AI I am having fun asking specific questions and seeing the result. It is progressing my inquiries much faster.

Do ions have mass and could magnetism deflect ions so could a magnet create a sail and be moved by ions

• Yes, ions have mass, and magnetism can deflect moving ions. This principle is the basis for the theoretical propulsion system known as a magnetic sail, which could be moved by the ions in a plasma wind. 
• Do Ions Have Mass?
  • Ions are atoms or molecules that have a net electrical charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
  • Since electrons, protons, and neutrons all have mass, an ion inherently has mass.
  • A positive ion (cation, which has lost electrons) has slightly less mass than its neutral atom, while a negative ion (anion, which has gained electrons) has slightly more mass. This mass difference is extremely small and is often negligible in practical calculations, but it is real. 
• Can Magnetism Deflect Ions?
  • Yes, moving ions are deflected by magnetic fields. This is explained by the Lorentz force, which states that a force acts on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field.
  • The direction of this force is perpendicular to both the direction of the ion’s motion and the magnetic field lines.
  • This effect is used in technologies like mass spectrometers to separate ions of different masses and charges, and it is how Earth’s magnetosphere deflects harmful charged particles from the solar wind. 
• Could a Magnet Create a Sail and Be Moved by Ions? 
  • Yes, this is a real, albeit currently theoretical, spacecraft propulsion concept called a magnetic sail (magsail).
  • A magsail would use a large loop of superconducting wire to generate a powerful magnetic field that extends far into space.
  • This magnetic field would interact with the charged particles (ions and electrons) flowing from the Sun (the solar wind plasma), deflecting them and transferring their momentum to the spacecraft, creating thrust without needing onboard propellant. 
• Why It Matters
  • The magnetic sail represents a potential solution for long-duration space missions that do not require rapid acceleration, such as robotic asteroid surveys or orbital adjustments for space structures. Its primary advantage is that it provides continuous thrust indefinitely by using the naturally occurring plasma in space, overcoming the major limitation of conventional rockets which must carry all their fuel with them. The technology for creating such large, lightweight superconducting coils is still under development, keeping the concept within the realm of research and future engineering. 
    
    
    

Simulations

• Space engine
• Universe Sandbox
• uchu Largest current simulation. Player runs on linux and macos
• illustris

Space travel

• Last Exit: Space
  • Series exploring the latest approaches to exploring space and visiting other planets. Topics include human hibernation, Psychology, tardigrades
  • IMDB
  • Rotten Tomatoes
  • Review of “Last Exit: Space”

The Crazy Mass-Giving Mechanism of the Higgs Field Simplified

How this tiny 1% mass contribution turns out to be responsible for 100% of the universe